Summary: Poland doubled its defense budget to 4.7% of GDP in 2025, but much of this spending went to foreign contractors due to production capacity issues within its state-owned defense conglomerate, Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa (PGZ). Despite plans to expand production, particularly for 155mm NATO standard ammunition, PGZ faced delays and mismanagement, hindering its ability to meet domestic and international demand. The Polish government aims to address these challenges by streamlining permit processes, investing in new facilities, and encouraging exports to justify the substantial defense spending.

Link: https://www.theedgesingapore.com/news/geopolitics/poland-doubled-its-defence-budget-much-cash-went-abroad